Mr. Longoria's Earth Science

Rings of Uranus

2011-10-16T09:15:00.001-04:00

December 22, 2005: Even though the Voyager 2 spacecraft paid a close-up visit to Uranus in 1986, the distant planet continues revealing surprises to the eye of NASA's Hubble Space Telescope.

Hubble’s high sensitivity and sharp view has uncovered a pair of giant rings girdling the planet. The largest is twice the diameter of the planet’s previously known ring system, first discovered in the late 1970s. Hubble also spied two small satellites, named Mab and Cupid. One of the satellites shares an orbit with the outermost of the new rings. The satellite is probably the source of fresh dust that keeps replenishing the ring with new material knocked off the satellite from meteoroid impacts. Without such replenishment, the dust in the ring would slowly spiral in toward Uranus. Collectively, these new discoveries mean that Uranus has a youthful and dynamic system of rings and moons. Because of the extreme tilt of Uranus's axis, the ring system appears nearly perpendicular relative to rings around other gas giant planets like Saturn. Also, unlike Saturn, the rings are very dark and dim because they are mostly dust rather than ice.

Credit: NASA, ESA, and M. Showalter (SETI Institute)

What is a Star?

2011-07-16T13:04:00.002-04:00

Sizzling clouds of electrified gas are dispersed from the Sun,

the closest star to our Earth.

A Star is a massive, self-luminous astronomical body that creates its own radiant energy. It is mostly composed of hydrogen and helium gases and other particles that are held together under the star's enormous force of gravity. The force of gravity is so tremendous that all the gas and materials become immensely dense and hot.

A star's force of gravity is so strong that it compresses all its atoms and elements causing them to squeeze and fuse together. When the atoms fuse together, it releases a vast amount of energy that causes the star to heat to extremely high temperatures and to produce its own light and magnetic field. The source of heat generates at the inner core of the star and works its way outward to its surface and the far reaches of space.

Stars are formed from massive clouds of gas and dust particles scattered throughout space.

For more details on a what stars are go to: Stars - Nasa Science .

End of School Days

2011-05-28T07:52:00.001-04:00

The end of school days is near and fast approaching. There are a several important deadlines we need to keep abreast of and comply with before school ends. Mark the following days on your calendar:

Lab Performance Exam (Regents) Schedule

SE2SP-01 (period 2): Monday, June 6, 2011
SE2-09 (period 7): Monday, June 6, 2011
SE2SP-02 (period 8): Monday, June 6, 2011
SE2D-02 (period 9): Tuesday, June 7, 2011

Last day to submit laboratory reports and assignments: Friday, June 10, 2011
Final Exam: Monday, June 13, 2011
Last Day of classes: Tuesday, June 14, 2011
Regents Exams begin: Wednesday, June 15, 2011
Earth Science Regents Exam: Friday, June 17, 2011

Rock Cycle

2011-04-03T10:45:00.000-04:00

The rock cycle is a model of the natural changes that occur in rocks and rock materials on the earth. The diagram to the right distinguishes between those processes that take primarily at Earth's (external processes) and those that take place within the Earth (internal processes). Internal processes, such as compression and heating require the conditions of extreme temperature and pressure that occur deep within the Earth.

The rock cycle illustrates several important principals of geology. First, nearly all rocks are made from the remains of other rocks (coal and other organic sedimentary rocks are important exceptions). Second, rocks are classified on the basis of their origin. Finally, there are a variety of ways that rocks can change in response to changing conditions at the surface or within Earth.

Homework due Wednesday, April 6, 2011

Review Book: read pages 55-56; do questions 54-60 on pages 56-57, and questions 1-10 on pages 59-60.

Metamorphic Rocks

2011-03-27T11:02:00.003-04:00

Tilted Gneiss Outcrop near Namib desert

Metamorphosis means a profound change in form, structure or substance from one stage to the next in the life history of an object or living organism. Therefore, metamorphic rocks originate from a change in form and structure from pre-existing igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic rocks. The key is understanding that a significant change has undergone in the rock's structure. This change is caused by intense heat and pressure to the rock material. The change sometimes takes place deep within the Earth. However, unlike igneous rocks, metamorphic rocks do not undergo melting.

During metamorphism, structures, such as layering, may become distorted and new minerals may form, or crystals may grow. If enough heat and pressure is applied to the rock, metamorphism often results in the alignment of crystals called foliation.

This week we will have a quiz on sedimentary rocks and begin discussion on metamorphic rocks.

Alignment of minerals called banding due to heat and pressure

Homework: Due Wednesday, March 30, 2011

Review Book: read pages 52-54. Do questions 45-53. Write out questions and answers.

Sedimentary Rocks

2011-03-19T11:46:00.000-04:00

We will end the section on igneous rocks with a test on Tuesday. For Monday, March 21, we will complete the final worksheet on igneous rocks and review for the test.

Sedimentary Rocks

The Grand Canyon

Most sedimentary rocks are composed of the weathered rocks fragments and particles called sediments. Sedimentary rocks usually form from the burial of sediments that are compacted, and cementated under layers of other sediments.

Homework: Due Wednesday, March 22, 2011

In review book read section and chart on sedimentary rocks, pages 49-50. Do questions 32-42.

Identifying the Characteristics and Physical Properties of Minerals

2011-03-06T14:15:00.003-05:00

Clear quartz showing crystal shape

What is a Mineral?

All the rocks and minerals of Earth's crust consist of elements. An element is a substance that cannot be broken into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means. A mineral is a naturally occuring inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and an orderly arranged atomic structure. Most minerals are compounds (two or more elements chemically combined). More than 90 percent of the minerals in Earth's crust are compounds containing oxygen and silicon, the two most abundant elements.

How Minerals Form

Minerals form in several ways. Many form out of magma (molten rock), in which atoms and ions move freely. As magma cools, the atoms and ions move closer together and form chemical bonds that create compounds. The rate at which magma cools determines the size of the minerals grains (crystals) that form. Mineral forming processes can be gradual and lengthy.

Amethyst Crystal showing crystal shape

Some types of minerals form as water containing dissolved ions slowly evaporates. For example, Halite (rock salt) forms when sea-water evaporates. As evaporation occurs, sodium and chlorine ions combine and bond to form the mineral Halite.

Identifying Minerals by Inspection
The most common way of revealing most minerals is through visual inspection and observing the physical properties of minerals. These physical properties are:

luster
color
hardness
streak
cleavage or fracture
crystal shape, and
specific gravity

These physical properties must be considered together in order to reveal the identity of a mineral. Rarely is it possible to identify a mineral using a single property.

Homework:

Due: Tuesday, March 8, 2011

textbook, read Chapter 5.2, pages 96-102. Do section review questions 1, 3, 4, 5 on page 102.

Due Wednesday, March 9, 2011

textbook: read chapter 5.3, pages 104-107. Do section review questions 1, 2, 4, 5 on page 107.

Weather Map Project

2011-02-06T13:28:00.002-05:00

In the past two weeks, we have been studying the properties of the atmosphere and the different weather variables. This week we will begin constructing weather maps. We will also do a weather map project. The details are as follows:

Project Due Date: Friday, February 18, 2011

Task: Your assignment is to construct a weather map, for a seven day period, across the United States.

Criteria: You may select the weather for a seven day period of your choosing. The project must be illustrated on poster paper and may include a typed report. The project must include the following items:

o Title of Assignment

o Two weather maps that track the changes in weather for the seven day period (from either newspaper or internet).

o Map must include a general description of the weather patterns, for example, a description of air masses likely to create fronts (cP, continental polar, mT, marine tropical, etc.).
o Indicate on map where unstable weather is occurring across the nation (precipitation, storms, etc.)
o Include a graph that illustrates the temperature and barometric pressure changes over the seven day period for the NYC region.
o Include a weather station model for each of the seven days for the NYC region.
o Use the rubric provided in class to help you stay on task and determine if you are meeting the project criteria.

New Marking Period

2011-01-30T09:08:00.005-05:00

A new marking period begins. It is a fresh start and a time for us to regroup and rethink our approach to our studies. Do not let yourself fall behind on class and home work. Create a schedule to study and complete your daily assignments. If there is a topic you do not understand, set up tutoring time with me. Give yourself the opportunity to succeed by using all the resources available to you. Work hard and you will be rewarded.

This week, we will continue working on the Hurricane Floyd lab, which we started just before the break. The photo to the right is a satellite image of Hurricane Floyd in 1999. It shows the vast size of Floyd as it approaches the Florida coast. Winds reached 155 mph. The hurricane extends over Haiti, Cuba, the Bahamas, and the Florida Keys. Notice how the Florida Keys and the Bahamas are completely obscured by the hurricane. This was an incredibly powerful storm.

Additionally, we will continue to discuss the weather station model and the relationship between weather variables.

Homework 1: due Wednesday, February 2 (Ground Hog's Day)
Review Book: read pages 184-186; do questions 13-21, pages 186-187.

Test: an online quiz on dewpoint and relative humidity is scheduled for Friday, February 4, 2011. You must register on engrade to get access to the quiz. This is part of your course so please sign on and take the quiz.

Final Exam Notice -Short Answer Part and Online Quiz

2011-01-15T16:05:00.004-05:00

The short answer section of the final exam is Tuesday, January 18, 2011. It will cover the following topics:

Topographic maps

Topographic Profiles
Determining the gradient of a slope
Determining the direction of stream flow

Calculating the eccentricity of an elliptical orbit

Eccentricity equation
Determining seasons through Earth's position as it revolves around the Sun

Final Notice: Some of you have still not taken the online quiz. I will extend the deadline to Tuesday, January 18th.

Homework: Due Thursday, January 20, 2011

Review Book: read pages 174-177 (Moisture in the atmosphere - Finding Relative Humidity), do questions 1-12. Write out answers in complete sentences.

Final Exam and Online Quiz

2011-01-12T09:54:00.001-05:00

The final marking period exam is in two parts. Part I, is scheduled for Friday, January 14, 2011. Part II is scheduled for Tuesday, January 18th. We will have a review on Thursday, January 13th. The final exam will cover pretty much everything we have covered in class since September, with emphasis on the following topics:

Contour Mapping and Profiling
Latitude and Longitude
Polaris
Time zones & Meridians
Lunar Phases and Eclipses
Lunar Effects on Ocean Tides
Our Solar System
Eccentricity of Planetary Orbits
Earth's Path around the Sun
The Seasons and Insolation
Electromagnetic Spectrum
The Big Bang

Many of you have yet to register on Engrade and take the quiz on the selected properties of the atmosphere. The quiz deadline is Thursday, January 13, 2011.

Saturday make-up labs are scheduled for the following two Saturdays (9:00 am - 11:00 am). Registration is open after period 2, in room 205 on the Thursday before the scheduled lab-date. You need to complete 15 labs to be elegible to pass the marking period.

If you have any questions, contact me.

How Do Isolines Show Changes in Elevation or Temperature on a Map?

2010-12-11T09:31:00.000-05:00

Field maps depict features of an area through the use of isolines. Isolines connect points of equal value on a field map. Types of isolines include isotherms, isobars, and contour lines. Isotherms connect points of equal temperature. Isobars connect points of equal air pressure. Contour lines connect points of equal elevation. So, if one needs to construct a temperature map, they would measure the temperature values throughout a region and connect points of equal temperature with a line. The line or isotherm shows the shape of how changes in temperature are distributed throughout the region being mapped.

This week, we will focus on how to construct and interpret different types of maps through the use of isolines.

Homework: Due Wednesday, December 15,2010

Textbook: read pages 53-57. Answer questions 1-3
Review Book: read pages 26-27

Using the North Star to determine latitude in the Northern Hemisphere

2010-12-04T09:56:00.003-05:00

Navigation is the science of identifying positions on Earth. Ancient mariners and explorers, as well as travelers today, determine the latitude of any location north of the equator by measuring the altitude of Polaris (north star) above the horion. For example, the latitude of New York City is approximately 41° north of the equator, so the angle of altitude of Polaris above the horizon is 41°.

Our next topic of discussion and learning is determining the bases of our system of time on Earth. Basically, we base our system of time on observations of the sun. Noon (mid-day) is defined as th time the sun reaches the highest point in the sky. The day is divided into 24 hours because that is the time it takes for the Earth to do one full rotation. You can calculate your approximate longitude if you know the present time at the prime meridian of Greenwich and your local time. To find longitude, you must first determine the difference in time between local and Greenwich time. This time difference multiplied by 15° per hour equals your longitude (the rate at which the Earth rotates on its axis is 15° per hour).

The video below shows how to locate Polaris in the night sky.

Homework: due Tuesday, December 7, 2010

Textbook: read pages 77-79, on measuring time. Do questions 2 and 3.

Review book: read pages 20-23. Do questions 12-28 on pages 23-25.

All students should have purchased the review book by now. If not, you must make the purchase ASAP, at the science department office in room 305.

Locating Positions on Earth's Surface

2010-11-28T09:53:00.003-05:00

This week's focus is on the geo-coordinate system. We will learn how to locate exact positions on the surface of the Earth through the use of a grid system. This grid ( coordinate) system assigns two numbers called latitude and longitude to every position on Earth. These coordinates (latitude and longitude) pinpoint the location on a grid of imaginary lines and gives each location a unique and unchangeable address.

The latitude and longitude system has two reference lines: the Equator and the Prime Meridian. The Equator is an imaginary line that circles the Earth half way between the North Pole and the South Pole. Angular distance in degrees north or south of the Equator is latitude. Angular distance in degrees east or west of the Prime Meridian is longitude.

Homework: Due Wednesday, December 1, 2010

Textbook: read chapter 3.1, pages 46-47. Do questions 2 and 5

Review Book: read chapter 1, pages 20-21.

The Moon and the Tides

2010-11-20T10:19:00.002-05:00

People who live near the coasts are familiar with the periodic rise and fall of the oceans we call the tides. The tides are caused by the gravitational force of attraction of the moon and the sun. The highest high tides and lowest low tides are called spring tides. They occur about twice a month near the full and new moon phases. In these events, the sun, moon, and earth are all aligned.

When the sun and the moon are at right angles at the first quarter and last quarter phases, the changes in tide water level are smaller. These smaller tides are called the neap tides.

NOTE: Exam is scheduled for Tuesday, November 23, 2010. You will need to bring the following items to the test:

Pencils
Calculator
Earth Science Reference Tables

Bring all items to the test with you and get 5 extra points!

Please review the study sheet handed out on Friday and do your best to prepare for the test. See study topics listed below in the November 13 posting.

Eclipses of the Moon and Sun

2010-11-20T10:01:00.004-05:00

When lighted from just one direction, all objects cast a shadow. A shadow has two parts: the umbra and the penumbra. The penumbra (from the Latin paene "almost, nearly" and umbra "shadow") is the outer region of a shadow, in which only a portion of the light source is obscured by the occluding body. An observer in the penumbra experiences a partial eclipse.

The umbra, the inner region, is the darker part of the shadow. An observer in the umbra experiences a total eclipse.

Solar Eclipse on Mars

The image on the right is of Phobos (one of Mars' moon) taken by the martian land rover. The event takes place when Phobos passes directly between the Sun and a point on the surface of Mars, obscuring a large part of the Sun's disc for an observer on Mars. During a transit, Phobos can be seen from Mars as a large black disc rapidly moving across the face of the Sun. At the same time, the shadow of Phobos moves across the Martian surface. The event could also be referred to as an annular eclipse of the Sun by Phobos.

The Phases of the Moon and Eclipses

2010-11-13T16:59:00.002-05:00

This week we are finishing up lunar phases and eclipses and solar eclipses. Additionally, we will investigate how the moon affects the tides. That is to say, the rise and fall of the oceans that occur twice daily, near the shorelines.

This week I will begin working with the earth science review book. I will need students to purchase the book from the department office in room 305. The cost of the review book is $13.00. We will begin doing homework from the book toward the end of the week.

Our semester midterm exam is scheduled for Tuesday, November 23, 2010. Topics on the exam will will include everything we have learned since September:

Observations and Inferences
Metric System Conversions
Measurements of Density, Mass, and Volume
Scientific Notation
The Big Bang Theory
Classification of Stars
Our Solar System
Eccentricity of Planetary Orbits
Earth's Path around the Sun
The Seasons and Insolation
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Phases of the Moon
Lunar and Solar Eclipses
Lunar Effects on Ocean Tides

Your comments or concerns are welcomed.

Earth Science Regents Exam Review

2010-06-19T09:52:00.002-04:00

We will be hosting a review class on Monday, June 21, from 9am to Noon for those students interested in furthering their preparation for the regents exam on June 22, 2010. Check in room 205 to determine the classroom where we will hold the review class.

Good luck comes to those that are well prepared.

Español
Acogeremos una clase de revisión el lunes, 21 de junio, de 9 AM al Mediodía para esos estudiantes interesados en promover su preparación para el examen de regentes el 22 de junio de 2010. Verifique en el salon 205 en determinar el aula donde tendremos la clase de revisión.

La buena suerte viene a ésos que son preparados bien.

End of School Year

2010-06-10T18:50:00.000-04:00

The final days of school have finally arrived. We have journeyed 10 months together and live to tell the tale. It has been an enjoyable experience learning from you as well as teaching you. I wish all of you all the best and I will miss you.

However, we have one last hurdle to overcome before we can truly move on, and that is the Earth Science Regents exam scheduled for June 22, 2010. Please study for this exam using the resource links posted below. Review the exams from previous years. Should you have any questions, I will be in school until June 28th.

Have a great summer!

Regents Lab Performance and Final Examinations

2010-06-06T16:23:00.001-04:00

The last week of classes has finally come and it is time to assess the learning we have accomplished. This Tuesday, June 8th, some of us will be taking our regents lab performance examination. Review the study sheets I have provided. This material will help you tremondously.

Our final exam will be conducted on Wednesday, June 9, 2010. I will tutor Monday and Tuesday, period 9.

Any questions, please come see me or email me.

NOTE: All labs due no later than Friday, June 11, 2010

REGENTS REVIEW PREPARATION

2010-05-27T08:15:00.001-04:00

HOMEWORK: DUE FRIDAY, MAY 28, 2010

Do questions 12-25, in the January 2006, regents exam in the back of the review book.
BRING IN the review book on Friday, May 28, 2010.

REGENTS REVIEW

2010-05-24T20:49:00.003-04:00

From here on and moving forward, we will focus on reviewing and preparing for the regents exam. Each day, we will select a series of questions from the regents exams of prior years. Please bring to school your earth science reference tables as we will be needing and using them in class everyday.

Test Day

2010-05-15T19:29:00.003-04:00

This Tuesday, May 18, 2010 we will have a test on Weather Systems and on the Classification of Stars. This will conclude the study on these units. Study your notes and review book.

We will begin Wednesday with "weathering and erosion".

Homework: Due Wednesday, May 19

Textbook: read pages 258-263

Do section review questions: 1-7 on page 263.

Weather Systems

2010-05-07T19:50:00.004-04:00

We are just completing the unit on weather. Tuesday we will have a test. Study your notes and read your review book.

Homework: Due Tuesday, May 11, 2010

Review Book: read pages 167-172.

Do Chapter review questions Part B2 and Part C, questions 21-47, pages 181-183.

Locating and Measuring Earthquakes

2010-02-21T10:18:00.006-05:00

As mentioned in the previous post, a seismograph is used to determine the magnitude of an earthquake and the location of the epicenter. Because earthquakes produce different types of wave motion, a modern seimograph station usually has three seismographs. One rrecords up-and-down motions, another records side-to-side motion in a north-south direction, and a third records side-to-side motion in a east-west direction.

The sheet used to record the motion of an earthquake is called a seismogram. This sheet is placed on a rotating drum that turns slowly by a clock. Above the paper is a pen with its point resting on top of the sheet and drum. The pen rest stationary attached to a heavy weight. When the drum moves due to the shaking of the ground, the paper moves and the pen produces a zig-zag line on the paper.

Interpreting a Seismograph

Because P-waves move faster than S-waves, the P-waves always arrive at a seismograph station before the S-waves. Seismologists use the difference in the speeds of the P- and S-waves to locate the epicenter of an earthquake. The graph "Earthquake P-wave and S-wave Travel Time" found in the earth science reference tables, shows how long it takes for P- and Swaves to travel different distances through the Earth. Using this graph, we will explore how to determine the distance and time these waves travel to locate where the earthquake has occurred.

Homework: Due Wednesday, February 24, 2010

Review Book: read pages 54-58; do questions 1-12.

What Causes Earthquakes?

2010-02-07T09:46:00.013-05:00

Recent events in Haiti, have shown us the vast destruction and lost of life that a major earthquake causes. The 2010 Haiti earthquake was a catastrophic magnitude 7.0 Mw earthquake. Its epicenter was near the town of Léogâne, approximately 25 km (16 miles) west of Port-au-Prince, Haiti's capital. The earthquake occurred at 16:53 local time (21:53 UTC) on Tuesday, 12 January 2010. By 24 January, at least 52 aftershocks measuring 4.5 or greater had been recorded. An estimated three million people were affected by the quake; news states that 200,000 people have been identified as dead and that an estimated 300,000 injured have been treated so far. It is also estimated that 250,000 residences and 30,000 comercial buildings have collapsed or severely damaged.

Most earthquakes result from the strain that builds up at tectonic plate boundaries. More than 3 million earthquakes occur each year. Most of these are too small to be noticeable. Each year, however, a number of powerful earthquakes occur (Haiti's being one). Earthquakes are measured using intensity and magnitude scales. The Mercalli scale measures the intensity of an earthquake based on the reports of people who experienced or observed the amount of destruction it caused. The most dependable measurements of earthquakes, however, are made with seismographs. Seismographic records of earthquakes have established magnitude scales. The Richter scale is one such magnitude scale. A seismograph records the magnitude of an earthquake and the time the seismic waves arrive. Seismologists use the difference in the speeds of P- and S-waves to locate the epicenter of earthquakes.

Homework #2: Due Thursday, February 11, 2010

Review Book: read pages 56-58;

Textbook: read chapter 10.1, pages 214-216; do section review questions 1-5, page 216.

Second Semester of the Year

2010-01-30T14:42:00.007-05:00

The winter Regents week is over. We begin our second semester on February 2, 2010 (groundhog's day). Now, we begin our Spring semester (even though Winter has a deep hold on us still) and our work on plate tectonics continues.

We will revisit the types of plate boundaries and analyze and evaluate how each of the three main types interact with each other. In other words, we will look at the processes involved, the characteristic features of each boundary, and what influences the movement of these plates.

We will start analyzing the types of plate boundaries and plate motions that caused the Haiti earthquake by next week.

Homework #1: Due Friday, February 5, 2010

Textbook: read chapter 8.2, pages 176-179; do questions 1-7, page 179.

Fall Semester's Final Exam

2010-01-12T22:25:00.003-05:00

Our Final exam for this semester will be in two parts. Part I is scheduled for Friday, January 15, 2010. It will comprise 15 to 20 short-answer questions. Part II is scheduled for Tuesday, January 19, 2010 and it will have 25 multiple-choice questions.

Topics to study for part II of the exam are as follows:

Latitude and Longitude (Polaris)
Time Zones (15 ° = 1 hour time difference)
Topographic maps (steep slopes vs. gentle slopes)
Gradient
Mineral Properties (ESRT, page 16)
Rocks (ESRT, pages 6 and 7)
Plate Tectonics and Continental Drifts (mainly plate boundaries)

Bring pencils, calculator, and Earth Science Reference Tables

Igneous Rocks

2009-12-12T11:24:00.003-05:00

Igneous rocks form from magma in distinct ways and can be classified based on mineral composition and texture.

During this past week we have focused our discussion learning how igneous rocks are classified and how to interpret the chart on igneous rock identification (page 6 in the ESRT). This coming week, we will finish up igneous rocks and begin sedimentary rocks.

This Monday we will do one final exercise on Interpreting the Scheme on Igneous Rock Identification.

Homework: Due Monday, December 14, 2009

Complete all worksheets on igneous rocks.

Test on Minerals and Rocks this Friday, December 18, 2009

FALL MIDTERM EXAM

2009-11-21T10:02:00.004-05:00

The midterm exam is scheduled for Tuesday, November 24, 2009. The following topics will be covered in the exam:

Density
Diameter and Circumference
Structure of the Earth: Lithosphere, Hydrosphere, and Atmosphere
Locating Positions on Earth: Latitude and Longitude, Solar and Clock Time, and Polaris
Topographic Maps: Contour Lines, contour profiles, and determining gradients.

It is highly recommended that you review and study the above mentioned topics. On test day, bring the following:

#2 Pencils
Earth Science Reference Tables
Calculator

Good Luck!

Introduction to Minerals

2009-11-14T16:27:00.001-05:00

Minerals are naturally occurring homogeneous inorganic solids that have a definite chemical composition and an internal arrangement of atoms. Although about 3000 minerals have been identified and classified, less than a dozen are found commonly. One of the most common minerals on the surface of the earth is quartz (SiO2). The image shown on the side is an Amethyst crystal, which is the purple variety of quartz.

Homework - Due Tuesday, November 17, 2009: In textbook, read chapter 5, pages 90-91; 96-98; do questions 1and 2 on page 95 and questions 1-3 on page 102.

Topographic Maps

2009-10-31T13:03:00.002-04:00

A topographic or contour map shows the shape of the Earth. The contour lines connect points of the same elevation. This week we will focus on how to analyze and interpret a contour map. We will also construct topographic profiles or cross sections of mapped terrains. Topographic maps include information about the three dimension length, width, and height of a region. A profile shows the elevation of the land along a particular baseline.

Homework # 6, Due Wednesday, November 4, 2009

Complete the topographic map worksheet that will be distributed on Monday, November 2.

Locating Positions in New York State

2009-10-06T19:32:00.004-04:00

Homework # 5: Due Friday, October 9, 2009

Using the Generalized Bedrock Geology Map of New York State, found in the Earth Science Reference Tables, identify the locations and coordinates given in the handout, Locating Positions New York State

Geo-Coordinate System

2009-10-03T09:15:00.002-04:00

This week we will focus on learning about the geo-coordinate system. We will learn how to determine latitude and longitude and know our location on the surface of the earth. The locations of places on Earth are pinpointed on a grid of imaginary lines that divides up the planet and gives each location a unique and unchangeable address.

Homework # 4: Due Tuesday, October 6, 2009

Textbook: read Chapter 3.1, pages 46-47. Do questions 2 and 5

Why Earth Science?

2009-10-03T08:33:00.004-04:00

Many students ask why we have to study earth science. Among the many reasons that we study the geo-sciences, included is that this is the world we live in. All the resources that we need to survive are provided for us in this tiny sphere we call home. Today, more than ever, we have concerns and challenges about energy, climate change, water shortages and food production (agriculture). We need young people to get involved and engaged in better understanding of how our world works and to develop new technologies to improve the use of our resources. The following is a short video on the importance of studying earth science. Enjoy.

JOIDES RESOLUTION ART CONTEST

2009-09-23T20:41:00.002-04:00

Hi all - We are trying to get the word out about the JOIDES Resolution
scientific ocean drilling ship/research art contest.

I encourage my students to submit entries for the J-aRt Contest. JOIDES RESOLUTION welcomes any artwork featuring their exciting and intrepid
research vessel, JOIDES Resolution and her scientists and crew! Prizes
include a visit to the winning school by members of the JR team. To learn
more about the ship, visit www.joidesresolution.org. To enter, visit
http://joidesresolution.org/node/446.

Contact them with any questions: art@oceanleadership.org

Common Assessment Exam

2009-09-22T16:27:00.003-04:00

On Friday, September 25, 2009, we will have the skills assessment exam covering all the following material:

Observations and Inferences
Interpreting Line Graphs
Determining Percent Deviation
Scientific Notation
Mass, Volume, and Density

Percent Deviation and Scientific Notation

2009-09-21T19:42:00.002-04:00

This week we continue going through our skills assessment with determining percent deviation (% error), and scientific notation.

Please complete any unfinished assignments and get them in - especially all lab assignments.

Scientists often work with very large and very small numbers. These numbers are easier to read, write and use in calculations if they are expressed in mathematical shorthand known as scientific notation.

Tuesday we will have a lesson on scientific notation.

What are Meteors and Meteorites?

2009-09-14T18:58:00.007-04:00

Our Solar System has countless chunks of rocky planet making material floating around in space between planets. Many of them orbit within the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. Others have strange orbits which sometimes come close enough to cross Earth's orbit. And some of those which cross Earth's orbit actually enter the Earth's atmosphere and burn up. We call these meteorites. The streak seen as the particle burns up in the atmosphere, is called a meteor. If there is anything left after the trip through the atmosphere and it strikes the ground, it is called a meteorite.

Tuesday, September 15, 2009:
We will do a reading exercise differentiating meteors from meteorites. We will also be taking a quiz on the material covered so far. Study the vocabulary words we did for homework and be ready to differentiate an objective from an inference.

En Español

Haremos una lectura que analiza la diferencia entre meteoros y meteoritos. También, vamos a tomarnos una prueba sobre la materia cubrió hasta ahora. Estudie las palabras de vocabulario y este listos para diferenciar entre un objetivo y una inferencia.

Words Used in Science Inquiry and Testing

2009-09-10T19:43:00.006-04:00

Our objective this Friday was to use terms commonly found in science inquiry and testing. Our classwork involved describing two mineral samples through the use of science inquiry. For homework, we will examine the meaning of these words.

Homework #1: Due Monday, September 14, 2009

Define the following words:

Describe
Compare
Contrast
Infer
Analyze
Explain

Write the definitions in your notebooks. We will review the definitions on Monday.

“A journey of a thousand miles must begin with a single step.”

2009-09-06T11:24:00.003-04:00

Dear Students,

This coming year, you will take many steps as you continue to prepare for college and your future. I am looking forward to taking part of this journey with you as we pursue a happy, productive and successful school year.

Solar Eclipse 2009

2009-07-22T08:43:00.005-04:00

The longest solar eclipse of the century cast a wide shadow for several minutes over Asia and the Pacific Ocean Wednesday, luring throngs of people outside to watch the celestial spectacle.

Day turned into night. Temperatures turned cooler in cities and villages teeming with amateur stargazers.

The total eclipse could be seen starting in India on Wednesday morning and moving eastward across Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Vietnam, China and parts of the Pacific. Millions cast their eyes towards the heavens to catch a rare view of the sun's corona.

40th Anniversary of Lunar Landing

2009-07-06T08:44:00.014-04:00

Shortly after being elected, President John F. Kennedy had challenged the nation to put a man on the moon. This mission came to realization, during the summer of 1969. It was the mission of Apollo 11 to land two men on the moon, then return them safely to Earth. It was one of the most historic events. It demonstrated what man can do with determination, effort, imagination and ingenuity.

I was a child on the warm evening of July 20, 1969. I was playing with friends just outside my home in New York. We were all waiting in anticipation for the televised broadcast of the first lunar landing in human history. It was also the first time that man was able to go beyond the gravitational pull of Earth. We had finally reached a moment in history, where we could travel and conduct exploration beyond the surface of our own planet.

As the time for the moon walk approached, our parents called out to us that the broadcast was only minutes away. We all ran inside and planted ourselves in front of the television. A camera in the Lunar Module provided live television coverage of the event. Then it happened, Commander Neil Armstrong stepped onto the surface and became the first man on the moon. He declared his historic words, "One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind." It was truly an astonishing and inspirational moment. An incredible feeling of amazement overcame me. I had witnessed one of the greatest moments in the history of mankind. We had reached and touch the surface of another orbiting body in our solar system. Travel to the moon was no longer a science fiction tale but a true marvel of science. That day made us believe that anything was possible.

We witnessed the American flag placed on the moon's surface as a reminder of the accomplishment. Armstrong and Aldrin also placed a commemorative plaque with the inscription, HERE MEN FROM THE PLANET EARTH FIRST SET FOOT UPON THE MOON JULY 1969, A.D. WE CAME IN PEACE FOR ALL MANKIND.

Today, forty years later, I am still amazed by the events made possible by the men and women of the Apollo 11 mission. This is a day that will forever be set in my mind. We are even talking about sending a manned mission to Mars. We are in search of intelligent life. Perhaps, we may even discover that the intelligent life is us. As the ancient adage says, "May you live in interesting times." We do.

FINAL EXAM

2009-06-08T19:47:00.004-04:00

We have reach our final week in school for this year. We have had a long tough year and are all looking forward for some down time in the summer. However, we have 10 more days to get through before we can call it quits.

The earth science final exam will be on Thursday, June 5, 2009. We will review all topics this week in preparation for the final and the regents exam.

The regents exam is scheduled for June 16, 2009.
Study all notes and materials. I will have review sessions on Tuesday and Wednesday during 9th period in preparation of the exams. Good Luck!

Textbooks are due Friday, June 12, 2009. Bring them in.

Humidity and Condensation

2009-05-31T09:05:00.004-04:00

This week we will discuss the characteristics of water and how it affects the atmosphere. Water is unique because it is the only substance that commonly exists in the atmosphere in each of the three states of matter. Depending on its temperature, water can either be a solid, a liquid, or a gas. When water changes from one state to another, energy is either absorbed or given off. The change from water vapor to liquid water is called condensation. Products of condensation include dew, fog, and clouds.

The amount of water vapor (moisture) in the air varies widely. The actual amount of water vapor in the air at a given point in time and place is called the specific humidity. There is a limit to the amount of water vapor that can be present in the air. When the air contains as much moisture as it can, the air is saturated. Meteorologist mostly refer to the relative humidity. This compares the actual amount of water vapor in the air with the maximum amount of water vapor that can be present in the air at a given temperature and pressure. the air's ability to hold water vapor therefore depends on the temperature and pressure in the atmosphere.

Homework # 16: Due Tuesday, June 2, 2009

Review Book: read pages 141-147. Do questions 1-15, pages 147-148.

Classifying the Stars

2009-05-20T18:26:00.003-04:00

This week we learned that stars are classified by their color and luminosity. The luminosity of a star is a measure of how much light is given off by the star. One of the most significant factors for luminosity is the size of the star. Our lesson on classifying the stars was done using the Hertzsprung-Russel diagram (H-R diagram).

Homework # 15: due Friday, May 22, 2009

Review book: read pages 238-242; do questions 34-44.

The Solar System

2009-05-15T18:06:00.004-04:00

This week we focused on the geometry of planetary orbits. The key idea was that all planets in our solar system have an elliptical orbit. We learned how to find the eccentricity of an ellipse and that gravity is a force of attraction that is dependent on the mass of objects and the distance between them. Increasing the mass of the objects increases the force between them. Decreasing the distance between the objects also increases the force of gravity between them.

This coming week, we will briefly discuss the big bang theory and our solar system. We will also discuss the Sun and how it compares to other stars in the galaxy. We will focus our attention using the Hertzsprung-Russel diagram to see how stars are classified by temperature and and light output (luminosity).

Homework # 14: Due Monday, May 18, 2009

Complete remaining questions on ellipse worksheet (Friday's handout).
Review Book: read pages 233-240; do questions 15-28.

Quiz on Monday.

Ancient Life Preserved in the Rock

2009-05-09T07:43:00.004-04:00

A fossil is any sort of evidence of past life on Earth. First proposed by Charles Darwin, evolution is the changing pattern of life forms through the ages. Unfortunately, one of the side effects of evolution is extinction. Extinction is the disappearance of a species forever.

The Earth was formed about 4.6 billion years ago. About a billion years after it formed, the first evidence of life is observed on the planet. From about 3.5 billion years ago to about 0.5 billion years ago, life on the planet was very simple. It consisted of micro-organisms, bacteria, worms and jellyfish. There were no hard parts to preserve in the rock, so fossils during this time are very rare. Then, about 544 million years ago, there was suddenly an explosion of life and diversification in the oceans. Fossils became abundant; hard parts, such as shells, and teeth are preserved in the rock. Eventually, a worldwide pattern of life-forms became evident. From these observations of a sequence of fossil groups from oldest to youngest, scientists established a relative time sequence known as the Geologic Time Scale.

Homework # 12: Due Monday, May 11, 2009

In review book, read pages 124 - 133. Do questions 52-54, on page 134 and the Chapter review questions, 1-8 on pages 134 and 135.

Midterm Exam

2009-04-29T07:33:00.002-04:00

The midterm exam is scheduled for Thursday, April 30, 2009. There will be an emphasis on the topic of plate tectonics. In particular, plate boundary activities and features associated with plate boundaries will be of interest.

We will have a review on this topic as well as finding the epicenter of an earthquake on Wednesday, April 29, 2009.

Study hard and good luck.

How and Where Earthquakes Occur

2009-04-05T09:22:00.006-04:00

More than 3 million earthquakes occur each year, or about one earthquake every 10 seconds. Most of these are small and go unnoticed. Each year, however, a number of powerful earthquakes occur. Because such earthquakes are among the most destructive of natural disasters, it is important to understand how and where they occur in order to prevent the loss of lives and property.

Most earthquakes result from the strain that builds up at plate boundaries or faults. This week, we will study the causes of earthquakes as well as how the energy released travels as waves through the earth.

Homework #9: Due Tuesday, April 7, 2009

Textbook: read pages 214-216, questions 1-5.

Spring Break starts this Thursday, April 9, 2009. ENJOY!

How and Where Volcanoes Form

2009-03-29T10:35:00.007-04:00

One of the most dramatic activities with plate tectonics is the eruption of a volcano. Our objectives, in the coming days, are to analyze how magma forms as a result of plate motion and interaction. We will explain why plate boundaries are the sites of most volcanic activity.

The photograph shows Mount Redoubt bellowing steam and ash across the Cook Inlet from Ninilchik, Alaska, Thursday, March 26, 2009. Ash from the volcano is seen on the snow. The volcano on the west side of Cook Inlet erupted Thursday morning sending ash clouds an estimated 65,000 feet (nearly 20 kms) into the air dusting the towns on the Kenai Peninsula including the towns of Kenai, Ninilchik and Homer. (AP Photo/Al Grillo)

Homework# 8: In textbook, read pages 194-198. Please be ready to discuss this topic by Wednesday, April 1, 2009.

Quiz on Wednesday, April 1, 2009. Quiz is on types of plate boundaries.

Assignment: Web Quest Report - How and Where volcanoes Form: A Study of an Active Volcano
Assignment due date: Monday April 20, 2009

This assignment requires the use of the internet. This is a term project that must be completed by the due date - no exceptions. Use the link: How and Where volcanoes Form: A Study of an Active Volcano to access web quest online. Otherwise, a handout with rubric will be distributed in class. You may also access the web quest and rubric by using the links located under Published Assignments. This project will be assessed as an exam.

Types of Plate Boundaries

2009-03-22T10:15:00.003-04:00

Scientists classify boundaries between two lithospheric plates according to plate movement. There are three main types of plate boundaries: divergent, convergent, and transform. We will contrast the three different types of plate boundaries as well as describe and assess the causes of plate movement.

En Español
Las placas litosfèricas se mueven como unidades coherentes en relación con las otras placas. Las placas tienen tres tipos distintos de bordes, que se diferencian en función del tipo de movimiento que exhiben. Los tipos de bordes son: Divergente, Convergente y Transformante. Contrastaremos los tres diferentes tipos de limites de placas y tambien describeremos y evaluaremos las causas de movimiento de las placas.

Homework # 7: due Wednesday, March 25, 2009

Review Book: Chapter 3, read pages 67-72; do questions 38-45, 52-57, on pages 70-72.

The Interior Layers of Earth

2009-03-15T09:21:00.006-04:00

Although we cannot directly see the interior of the Earth, scientists use instruments to collect data about it. These data are used to make a model of what the inside of the Earth is like.

The Earth is made up of three main layers. At the center is a dense core. The core is subdivided into two sections: an inner layer composed of solid iron and nickel, surrounded by an outer layer of melted iron and nickle. Outside the core is the mantle. The mantle is made up of liquid and solid rock that moves and churns. the outermost layer of the Earth is the crust. Compared to the other layers, the crust is very thin and cold. The continents and oceans are part of the crust.

The most abundant element inside the Earth is iron.

This week we will focus on the movement of Earth's crust and the forces that make it happen. We will look at the theory of Plate Tectonics and the individuals that made the discoveries that developed the theory.

Homework # 6 is due Monday, March 16, 2009 (Marking Period 2 begins today).

Ice Sheets and Glacial Rebound

2009-03-07T18:25:00.010-05:00

A thick accumulation of ice across a continent causes the crust to sink into the mantle. When the ice melts and disappears, the crust rises again. Large areas of land that were pushed down by the weight of glaciers during the last ice age are still rising slowly today. this phenomenon is known as post glacial rebound or glacial isostatic rebound. The eastern part of Canada around Hudson Bay is a good example of a region undergoing rebound. Rebound, a type of crustal uplift, occurs when land rises because the weight that was once on it is removed.

This week, we will be finishing our activities on glaciers by completing a laboratory activity on glacial rebound. The next topic will be Continental Drift and Plate Tectonics. We aim to start this topic on or about Wednesday, March 11th.

Homework # 5: Due Tuesday, March 10, 2009

Textbook: read chapter 15.4, pages 330-333. Do questions 1-4

Homework # 6: Due Monday, March 16, 2009

Textbook: read Chapter 8, pages 172-175. Do questions 1-5.

Reminder: the end of the marking period is Friday the 13th. Prepare for a quiz on Friday.

New York and the Ice Ages

2009-02-28T09:13:00.011-05:00

In cold climates, where average temperatures stay below freezing, water falls as snow. This snow can build up into thick layers. If the snow does not melt, increasing pressure causes the snow below to form layers of solid ice. If this continues year after year, a glacier may form. Glaciers are accumulations of ice large enough to survive the summer melt. A glacier is a thick mass of ice that may cover an area as small as a baseball field and as large as a continent.

In this week's lesson, we will learn how glaciers form and erode the land. We will also describe features caused by glaciers.

Homework # 4: Due Tuesday, March 4, 2009

Textbook: read chapter 15.1, pages 318-321; do section review questions 1-5, page 320.

Quiz on relationship of transported particle size to water velocity, Monday, March 2, 2009

Class work will include the completion of "What is a Glacier?". This work will be counted as an open book quiz. It will be collected Thursday, March 5, 2009.

The Transportation of Weathered Materials

2009-02-22T10:29:00.005-05:00

Broken fragments of weathered rock are called sediments. These sediments are often carried or transported from their place of origin to another location. Erosion is the transportation of sediments most often done by water, wind and glaciers.

The force of gravity drives most forms of erosion. For example, a weathered rock on a cliff is pulled by gravity, causing it to fall to the bottom of the cliff. Continued erosion, aided by wind and water, moves the sediment downslope away from the cliff.

This week we will focus on the agents of erosion and in particular, the characteristics of a stream or river that affect its ability to erode sediment.

Homework # 3: Due Wednesday, February 25, 2009

Textbook: read pages 280-284.
Review book: read pages 85-88; do questions 24-37.

Chemical Weathering

2009-02-07T09:19:00.007-05:00

Chemical weathering usually requires water to bring about mineral changes. Heat also speeds most chemical weathering. Thus, chemical weathering takes place most rapidly in warm moist climates.

In the next few days, we will look at how rock weathering largely depends on local climate and on how soils form.

Homework # 2: Due Wednesday, February 11, 2009

In Reviewing Earth Science, by Thomas McGuire (Review Book) read sections on chemical weathering and soil formation, on pages 82-85. Pay particular attention to figure 4-3 as we will be discussing this chart in detail. Do questions 1-10, on pages 82-83; questions 17-23 on page 85.

The Weathering Process

2009-02-05T15:39:00.006-05:00

The class will focus on describing and defferentiating between physical and chemical weathering by using written word, graphs, tables, diagrams and pulling together key factors that affect the weathering process. This task will be accomplished in about one week as measured by class work, homework and a quiz.

Homework: due Friday, February 6, 2009

In textbook: read pages 258-263. Do questions 1-7 on page 263. Answer questions in complete sentences.

Regents Week

2009-01-25T09:24:00.004-05:00

The third marking period ends Monday, 26 January 2009. Regents exams begin thereafter. I will provide tutoring instructions for earth science on Tuesday afternoon (see me in room 205).

As a study guide, review the posted earth science regents exams. These exams are also found translated in several languages for the bilingual students. Bring in any questions that you are not clear about to the tutoring session on Tuesday.

Good luck!

Term Final Exam

2009-01-17T09:14:00.005-05:00

The term's final exam is in two parts: short answers and multiple choice. Part I is scheduled for Wednesday, January 21, 2009 and Part II is on Thursday, January 22, 2009.

Study your notes, handouts and review sheets. Go over the end of chapter review questions in McGuire's Reviewing Earth Science.

I will conduct tutoring and study sessions this Tuesday, January 20th, during 9th and 10th periods, in room 208.

Your success and accomplishment is based on the desire and effort you exert to improve yourself. The world is in your hands. Grab it!

What Metamorphic Rocks Are

2009-01-11T13:18:00.004-05:00

Metamorphic rocks make up the third member in the family of rocks. These rocks are not formed from magma or sediments. However, in many ways, they are very similar to the first two members. Marble resembles limestone and slate looks a lot like shale. These resemblances are not coincidental. One is actually formed from the other through changes produced by natural forces. Metamorphic rocks are formed from existing rock when they undergo extreme heat, pressure and chemical changes over time.

Homework: Due Wednesday, January 14, 2009

In textbook, read Chapter 6.4, pages 133-137. Do questions 1-5.

Happy New Year!

2009-01-04T15:46:00.005-05:00

I hope everyone had a relaxing holiday season and New Year. We will start the New Year where we left off with the old year- Sedimentary Rocks.

Homework:

In review book, read pp. 41-42; answer questions 32-44. Due Wednesday, January 7, 2009.

In textbook read chapter 6.3 pp.127-132; answer questions 1-4 on page 131. Due Friday, January 9, 2009.

Sedimentary Rocks

2008-12-21T10:11:00.009-05:00

As previously stated in last weeks notes, sedimentary rocks are made from sediments, or broken pieces of rock. All sedimentary rocks have been deposited in some way, usually in a water environment (as opposed to igneous rocks, which are formed by solidification from melted rock). Sedimentary rocks are classified into three groups based on how they were deposited: clastic, chemical, and organic.

Sedimentary rocks are generally formed in four basic steps:

Layers of sediment are transported and deposited at the bottom of rivers, lakes and oceans.
Over millions of years, layer after layer of sediments is deposited on top of each. Each layer gets buried and compressed more and more through time.
The salts that are present in the layers of sediment start to crystallize out as the water is squeezed out from the buried layers. These salts help to cement the particles together.
Finally, the bottom layers slowly turn into rock.

Homework:

See homework due for Friday, 12/19/08. We will review the homework questions on Tuesday.

Test on Igneous Rocks: Monday, 12/22/08

En Español

Las piedras sedimentarias son formadas generalmente en cuatro pasos básicos:

Capas de sedimento son transportadas y son depositadas en el fondo de ríos, los lagos y los océanos.
Sobre millones de años, capa encima de capa de sedimentos son depositada. Cada capa es enterrado y comprimido cada vez más por tiempo.
Las sales que son presentes en las capas de sedimento se cristalizan cuando el agua es exprimida de las capas enterradas. Estas sales ayudan a cementar las partículas juntos.
Por fin, las capas en el fondo lentamente se vuelven piedra.

HAPPY HOLIDAYS!

"FELIZ NAVIDAD"

Formation of Sedimentary Rocks

2008-12-17T17:12:00.007-05:00

Although earth's crust consists primarily of igneous rock, most of the surface is covered by sedimentary rock.

In simple terms, sedimentary rocks form through the compacting and cementing of fragments of sediments that build up and form layers of rocks. In the next few days, we will examine and distinguish among the three types of sedimentary rocks and how they form.

Homework: Due Friday, 19 December 2008

Textbook: read chapter 6.3, pages 127-131. Do questions 1-4 in Section Review, page 131.

En Español

Aunque la corteza terrestre consista principalmente de piedra ígnea, la mayor parte de la superficie es cubierta por piedra sedimentaria.

Sencillamente, piedras sedimentarias forman por compactación y cementación de fragmentos de piedras y sedimentos que construyen y forman capas de piedras. En los próximos días, nosotros examinaremos y nos distinguiremos entre los tres tipos de piedras sedimentarias y cómo ellos se forman.

Igneous Rock Classification

2008-12-14T09:04:00.007-05:00

The most common igneous rocks are classified using just two characteristics: Crystal size and color. For example, basalt is relatively dark in color (gray to black) and usually contains crystals to small to see without the aid of an optical lens.

On the other hand, granites are lighter in color (pink to gray) and have crystals that can be seen by the naked eye.

Igneous rocks are the only kind of rock that forms from hot magma, and that all rocks that crystallize from melted rock are igneous.

This Monday we will do the igneous rocks: topic questions also found below under the published assignments section. All students must complete this assignment.

Homework: Due Wednesday, December 17, 2008

In review book: read pages 38-40; do questions 18-31, on pages 39-40.

Formation of Rocks

2008-12-09T19:14:00.004-05:00

Rocks are made from minerals. A rock can be generally defined as a group of minerals bound together in some way. The study of rocks is an important part of understanding Earth processes.

This lava is magma that poured onto Earth's surface during a volcanic eruption on the Big Island of Hawaii.

Homework:
Due Tuesday, 12-09-08

In textbook: read pages 104-107; do questions 1-5, on page 107.

Due Friday, 12-12-08

In textbook, read pages 118-126; do questions 1-2, 4-6

An Introduction to Minerals

2008-12-01T17:38:00.006-05:00

Midterm Exam Week

2008-11-22T11:19:00.005-05:00

This week marks the midterm of our semester and along with this comes midterm exams. The exam will focus on the various topics listed below:

Determining Percent Deviation
Determining Density
Latitude and Longitude
Using Polaris to determine one's position of latitude
Using longitude to determine time zones
Using scale to determine the dimensions of an area or region
Analysis and Interpretation of topographic maps and contour lines
Topographic profiles
Determining the gradient or slope of an area

Homework: Due Monday, 24 November

Take home quiz and review, questions 1-24. Also, do the Chapter review questions 1-33, pages 27-30 in the Review Book to prepare you for the Midterm Exam.

MIDTERM EXAM: Tuesday, 25 November 2008

Bring pencils, calculator, and the earth science reference tables. Being prepared allows you to meet the most difficult challenges in life. I wish all of you good luck on the test.

Constructing and Interpreting Topographic Map Profiles

2008-11-15T09:32:00.008-05:00

A profile or cross-sectional view shows the shape of the landforms depicting the elevation differences along a particular area of land. Topographic profiles are easily made using graph paper and the method illustrated in the figure shown here. Note that profiles need to have both a horizontal scale and a vertical scale.

A profile is easily constructed across a contour map by placing the bottom edge of a strip of paper along the section of the map one wishes to profile (see review book, page 24). At each point where the edge of the paper intersects with a contour line, mark on the edge of the paper. Record the elevation of the contour next to the mark on the edge of the paper. When all points are marked, use the vertical scale on the graph paper to place each point at its proper elevation and horizontal distance.

Homework: Due Monday, November 16th

Profile of contour map given in class on Friday.

Due: Tuesday, November 17th

Bring in earth science review book. We will review homework questions 28-46.

Using and Interpreting Topographic Maps

2008-11-08T12:32:00.011-05:00

Topographic maps can be used to determine the shape of the land, the direction of the flow of streams, and distance. To determine the shape of the land, we draw a line across the map. Wherever a line meets a contour, the exact height above sea level can be determined. Plotting those points on a vertical scale results in a profile (cross-section) of the land.

Homework: Due Wednesday, 12 November 2008

In text, reread pages 53- 57. Go to the section on published assignments or to the following link, contour line exercise, print a copy and complete the assignment.

Kaaterskill Clove Assignment
Take a look at the topographic map of Kaaterskill Clove, NY, found above. Find the stream near the southeast edge of South Mountain. Answer the following questions:

What is the map's contour interval?
What are the contour lines doing when they cross the stream?
In what direction is the stream flowing?
Calculate the average gradient of the terrain along the stream.

The scale of the map is 1:62500

Quiz on Monday, 10 November
study for quiz on Solar time and Time Meridians (Longitude).

Contour Lines and Topographic Maps

2008-11-02T10:24:00.010-05:00

Quiz: Monday, November 3, 2008 (Solar time and time zones).

This week, we will begin the study of topographic maps and contour lines. Topographic maps are one of the most used maps in earth science and geology, which depicts the surface features of an area through the use of contour lines.

Homework:
In textbook, read chapter 3.3, pages 53-57 and do section review questions 1-6, on page 57.
Due Wednesday, Nov. 5, 2008.

En Español
En el texto, Lean el capitulo 3.3, paginas 53-57. Contesten las preguntas 1-6 en la pagina 57.
Debido miercoles, el 5 de noviembre 2008.

Reviewing Earth Science Book (RES): Read pages 20-26. Sections include using scale, fields, topographic maps and determining the gradient or slope of a terrain. Answer questions 28-46.

Due Friday, November 7, 2008.

En Español
Reviewing Earth Science (RES). Lean las paginas 20-27. Las secciones encluyen usando escala, medidas de campos, mapas topografico y determinando el gradiente (pendiente) de un terreno. Contesten preguntas 28-46.

Debido viernes, el 7 de noviembre 2008

Daylight Saving Time Ends

2008-11-02T09:59:00.003-05:00

In the United states, at 2:00 AM today, we turned our clocks one hour back (one hour extra of sleep). We are now in eastern standard time (EST). We will remain in standard time until March 8, 2009 when once again we will return to Daylight Saving Time (DST) by turning our clocks one hour ahead (one hour less of sleep).

In the European Union, Summer Time begins and ends at 1:00 a.m. Universal Time (Greenwich Mean Time). It begins the last Sunday in March and ends the last Sunday in October. In the EU, all time zones change at the same moment.

Circumference of the Earth

2008-10-26T10:19:00.009-04:00

This week we will continue with our work on solar time and longitudinal positions on the surface of the earth. We will also begin to discuss our understanding of Earth as a sphere and those responsible for our understanding. In particular we will discuss individuals such as Eratosthenes.

Eratosthenes of Cyrene (276 BC - 194 BC) was a Greek mathematician, poet, athlete, geographer and astronomer. He made several discoveries and inventions including a system of latitude and longitude. He was the first person to calculate the circumference of the Earth (with remarkable accuracy).

Homework: Due Wednesday, 29 October 2008

Complete the worksheet "Measuring the Circumference of a Sphere" by going to the link listed below under published assignments.
In Reviewing Earth Science (Review Book), do questions 25-27, on page 20.

Quiz: Friday, 31 October (Happy Halloween)

Prueba: viernes, 31 de Octubre

Topics:

Solar Time and Longitude
circumference of a sphere

Welcome Back to School

2008-08-30T11:59:00.004-04:00

I wish you a wonderful and successful academic year. Remember, what you put into your work is what you will get out of it. If you put nothing in, you will get nothing out. Should you work hard, you will find the success very rewarding.

We will begin the school year with a short introduction of the origin of the Earth and our place in the universe (Big Bang, solar system). Afterwards, we will focus on defining the nature of earth science, the importance of and determination of measurements, and the use of graphing to illustrate our measurements.

Final Exam Week

2008-06-05T21:17:00.006-04:00

The Final exam is scheduled in two parts:

Tuesday, June 10, 2008 is the short answer written part.

Thursday, June 12, 2008 is the multiple choice part.

The exam will cover the following topics:

Latitude and longitude

Planetary motion

Atmospheric variables

Synoptic weather data

Climate patterns

The formation of rocks and minerals

Plate tectonics

Geologic history

Relative and absolute dating

Landscapes and landscape development

Erosional and depositional processes

Textbooks will be collected on Wednesday, June 11th.

The Earth Science Regents is scheduled for Friday, June 20, 2008.

Phases of the Moon and Beyond

2008-05-26T08:41:00.003-04:00

The apparent shape of the moon depends upon the changing relative positions of the Earth, the Sun, and the Moon. This week we will take a close look at the phases of the moon as well as other astronomical features such as the planets of the solar system as well as the evolution of the universe.

Homework: Due Friday, May 30th

In review book: read pages 227-229, 238-242. Do questions 1-9 (page 230)and 34-44 (page 242).

Weather Systems

2008-05-17T13:03:00.004-04:00

Cyclone Nargis was a strong tropical cyclone that developed in the Bay of Bengal about 360 miles off of the southeast coast of India on April 27, 2008. Landfall occurred in the Ayeyarwady Division of Myanmar.

Strong winds of over 120 miles per hour, heavy rain, local flooding and a storm surge resulted in a death toll expected to exceed 100,000 with over 2,000,000 people left homeless and without water, power, food or sanitary conditions. It might be the deadliest cyclone of all time.

This week we will learn how severe storms such as huricanes form and what factors determine how fast winds blow during these storms.

Homework: Due Friday, May 23, 2008

In textbook: read chapter 20.4, pages 450-453. Do Section Review questions 1-3.

In review book: read pages 176-178. Do questions 13-20.

Properties of the Atmosphere

2008-04-21T08:34:00.004-04:00

I hope that everyone is having a relaxing spring break. On Monday, April 28, we return to classes and we will be discusing the properties and structure of the atmosphere.

Earlier in the school year, we learned that the atmosphere was divided into four layers: troposhere (where most weather occurs), stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere. Now, we will take another look and examine the factors that affect changes in air temperature and pressure. Also, we will look at how we measure moisture in the atmosphere.

Homework: due Wednesday, April 30, 2008

In the review book, read chapter 6, pages 141-147; do questions 1-15 on pages 147-148.

Mid-Term Exam

2008-04-17T22:17:00.008-04:00

The spring mid-term exam is due on Monday, April 28, 2008. No extensions are permitted. The exam focuses greatly on two main topics: surface processes and landscape development, and Earth history.

This take-home exam provides everyone an opportunity to show some of their research and analytical skills as well as the possibility of increasing their overall grade for the semester. Do not let this opportunity pass you by. Apply yourself and do well on this exam. You will feel good about yourself and proud of what you can accomplish.

All lab reports are due Friday, April 18, 2008.

I hope everyone has a wonderful Spring break.

Geologic Time Scale

2008-04-13T14:44:00.004-04:00

In the late 18th and 19th centuries, geologists in Europe discovered that rock formations could often be identified by the fossils contained in the rocks.

Over the years, a relative scale of geologic time was created based on the fossils. The time units were based by the kinds of fossils and where they were found. However the exact age of the rocks would not be known for years to come.

Homework:
DUE FRIDAY, APRIL 18, 2008

In review book, read pages 121- 129. Review Chart on page 126-127; do questions 15-32, and 40-45 on pages 122-130.
Provide full written responses to all questions.

Interpreting Earth's History

2008-04-05T10:21:00.007-04:00

Planet Earth formed about 4.6 billion years ago from an accumulation of rock, dust and gases drawn together by its own gravity. To unravel the mystery of our evolving planet from dust to the development of life, to the present, Geologist, like detectives, hunt for clues and evidence.

There are several fundamental principles that guide geologists in interpreting and reconstructing the sequence of geologic events that have occurred throughout Earth history.

The fundamental principles are:

Uniformitarianism
Superposition
Original Horizontality
Crosscutting Relationships (intrusions, folds, and faults)
Fossils

This week we will focus on the importance of fossils in the rock record and in establishing a geologic sequence. We will also look at how rocks are correlated or how we match similar rock strata in different locations to see if they formed at the same time or under similar conditions.

HOMEWORK: due Wednesday April 9th.

In review book (Thomas McGuire, 2nd edition), read pages 115-124; do questions 1-14 on pages 119-121.
Provide full written responses to all questions.

Test on Friday, April 11, 2008. Test topic is: interpreting earth history.

Landscapes and Landforms

2008-03-29T10:54:00.010-04:00

This past week, we learned that a landscape is a region on Earth's surface in which various landforms, such as hills, valleys and streams are related by the common origin of weathering, erosion and deposition. The shape, or topography and composition of the landscape are determined by climate, local bedrock, geologic structures and human activities.

This week we will examine the development of landscapes and see if we can distinguish between the characteristics of landforms. Our goal is to understand why climate and geologic structures play an important role in landscape development and to evaluate how human activities are influencing future landscapes.

Homework: Due Thursday, April 3, 2008

Review Book: read pages 101-105, do questions 83-89, 95, 98, 101-102.

Textbook:

Students using the McDougal Littell textbook, read pages 290-292;
Do question 4-5;
draw the floodplain diagram on page 290;
Compare this diagram to the stream diagram on page 288;
According to these diagrams, how does the floodplain differ from the river valley? explain why.

Students using the Heath Textbook, read pages 183-185;
Do questions 16a, and 17;
Draw the diagram on 290;
Compare this diagram to the river valley diagram on page 172;
According to the diagrams, how does the floodplain differ from the river valley? explain why.

Glacial Formation and Erosion

2008-03-09T12:47:00.015-04:00

This week, we will examine how glaciers form, move and reshape Earth's surface through erosion and deposition. About 75% of Earth's fresh water is frozen in glaciers. Glaciers form in areas that are always covered by snow. As a result, layers of snow build up from previous years and form large masses of compacted snow and ice that move under the force of gravity.

Satellite view of Greenland ice sheet

Homework: Due Thursday, March 21, 2008

Students using the McDougal Littell textbook, read pages 318-320. Do questions 1-5 on page 320.
Students using the Heath Textbook, read pages 191-195. Do questions 1-5 on page 195.
Quiz scheduled for Thursday, March 21, 2008.

Rodinia: Supercontinent

2008-03-01T10:01:00.007-05:00

Thursday, March 6, 2008 is the end of the marking period. All laboratory reports and assignments are due no later than Thursday to receive credit for this marking period. Later submittals will be credited toward the following marking period.

This week we will focus on two topics:

Erosional processes;
You can access the laboratory web-quest by clicking on the link Lab Investigation: Rodinia Super-Continent (Web-Quest). Due Thursday, March 6, 2008 (last day of the marking period). Follow all directions and answer all questions .

Erosion is the transportation of sediments by water, wind, or glaciers. The force of gravity drives most forms of erosion.

Homework: Due Friday, March 7, 2008.

Students using the McDougal Litell, Earth Science Textbook: read chapter 13.2, "Stream Erosion and Deposition", pages 283-286,
Students using the Heath Earth Science textbook: read chapter 10, pages 168-171.
In the review book, read pages 85-88.

Formation of Soils

2008-02-16T11:55:00.017-05:00

This week we learned about the process of weathering. Upon returning from our winter break, we will focus our attention on the formation of soil.

Key Ideas:

Soil is the mixture of weathered rock, microorganisms, and organic remains that usually covers the bedrock.
Climate and other factors affect the composition of soil.

Homework: Due Friday, February 29, 2008 (last day of the month).

Students using the McDougal Litell, Earth Science Textbook: read chapter 12.2, "How Soils Form", pages 264-266, and do section review questions 1-5 on page 266.

Students using the Heath Earth Science textbook: read chapter 8, pages 138-140, 142, and do topic questions 7-11.

In Reviewing Earth Science (all students), read "How Do Soils Form?", pages 83-85 and do questions 17-23 on page 85.

Quiz Friday, February 29, 2008. Beware it is Leap Year!

The Weathering Process

2008-02-14T12:54:00.005-05:00

Weathering is the breakdown of rocks at or near the Earth's surface due to mechanical (physical) and chemical changes. The two types of weathering are as follows.

Mechanical weathering takes place when rock is broken into smaller pieces without changing the chemical composition of the material.
Chemical weathering takes place when the rock's minerals are decomposed or dissolved in solution and changed into different substances.

Although mechanical and chemical weathering are studied separately, they almost always act together.

Homework: Due Friday, February 15, 2008

In review book, chapter 4, read pages 81-82; answer questions 1-16.

Sedimentary Rocks

2008-02-02T09:07:00.000-05:00

This week we learned that most sedimentary rocks are composed primarily of the weathered remains of other rocks. Sedimentary rocks usually form by the compaction and cementing of sediment particles. We also learned that there are three types of sedimentary rocks:

clastic (fragmental rocks), made up of different sized inorganic earth-derived particles;

bioclastic (organic-derived), formed by the accumulation of plant and animal remains;

crystalline (chemical) are deposited by chemical precipitation (settling) of materials from solution in seawater. This occurs during the evaporation of seawater and when compounds are no longer soluble.

Fossils, the remains of prehistoric life, are almost always found in sedimentary rocks.

Homework:

In Reviewing Earth Science (Review Book), by Thomas McQuire, do questions 32-44, on pages 41-42. Due Wednesday, February 6, 2008

Also, read pages 43-44 on metamorphic rocks. Do questions 45-52. Due Friday, February 8, 2008.

There will be a test on sedimentary and metamorphic rocks on Friday, February 8, 2008.

Final Semester Exam

2008-01-12T07:55:00.000-05:00

The final semester exam is scheduled in two parts as follows:

Wednesday, January 16, 2008 (multiple choice)
Thursday, January 17, 2008 (written).

The test will include all material covered since the beginning of the semester (September to present). We will have a short review prior to the test day. Prepare yourself by reviewing all your notes and assigned homeworks. Follow the link to Earth Science Regents Preparation and Study as an additional study resource. Further down on this web page, under Study Resources and References, you will find more study resource links to assist you prepare for the final exam.

Study well and you will be rewarded.

Review the following topics:

Determining Percent Deviation
Density
Scientific Notation
Determining the Diameter and Circumference of the Earth
Locating Positions on Earth (Latitude & Longitude).
Solar Time and Clock Time
Topographic Maps and Profiles (Contour maps)
Determining the Gradient of a Slope
Inferred Properties of the Earth's Interior
Continental Drift and Seafloor Spreading
Locating Earthquakes
Crustal Plate Boundaries
Identifying Common Minerals and their Properties

Remember: You will need the following materials on test days:
Two #2 pencils,
A calculator and
Earth Science Reference Tables

Mineral Groups - Major Silicates

2008-01-05T08:41:00.000-05:00

More than 90 percent of the minerals in Earth's crust are members of the silicate family. A silicate is a compound of silicon, oxygen, and usually one or more metallic elements, such as aluminum or iron. In all silicates, the basic building block is the silica tetrahedron, consisting of four oxygen atoms bonded to a central silicon atom. The mineral Quartz is made entirely of tightly bound silica tetrahedra. Quartz has the chemical formula SiO2.

Homework: Due Thursday, Janaury 10, 2008

Textbook: Read Chapter-section 5.4, pages 108-111. Answer questions 1-4.

IDENTIFYING MINERALS

2008-01-02T19:08:00.000-05:00

Minerals are naturally occurring homogenous inorganic solids that have a definite chemical composition and an internal arrangement of atoms. Although about 3000 minerals have been identified and classified, less than a dozen are found commonly. Above is a quartz crystal.

Homework - Due Friday, January 4, 2008:

In review book, read chapter 2, pages 32-36; do questions 1-14 on pages 36-37.

Types of Plate Boundaries

2007-12-15T08:16:00.000-05:00

This week we will redirect our attention at contrasting the differences among the three types of plate boundaries. Scientists classify boundaries between two plates according to plate movement. There are three main types of plate boundaries: divergent, convergent, and transform.

Homework: due Thursday, December 20, 2007
Textbook: In chapter 8.2 and 8.3, read pages 176-181; do questions 1-7 on page 179.
Review Book: In chapter 3, read pages 67-72; do questions 38-45, 52-57, on pages 70-72.

En Español
Esta semana resumiremos la naturaleza de los tipos de bordes de placa. Las placas litosfèricas se mueven como unidades coherentes en relación con las otras placas. Las placas tienen tres tipos distintos de bordes, que se diferencian en función del tipo de movimiento que exhiben. Los tipos de bordes son: Divergente, Convergente y Transformante.

Locating Earthquake Epicenters

2007-12-08T12:00:00.000-05:00

When an earthquake occurs, its energy radiates in seismic waves away from the focus as shown in the diagram above. These waves can be grouped into three categories:

P-waves travel the fastest. These waves vibrate in a push-pull motion through the ground.

S-waves vibrate in all directions perpendicular to the direction of travel.

Surface waves vibrate in a push-pull motion as well as in all directions perpendicular to the direction of travel. These waves cause the most damage as they travel along Earth's surface.

Homework: Due Thursday, December 13th.

Review Book: read pages 54-60. Do questions 1-16.

Types of Plate Boundaries and Causes of Plate Movement

2007-12-01T08:36:00.000-05:00

This week we will focus on contrasting the differences among the three types of plate boundaries. We will also discuss mantle convection as a possible cause of plate movements.

Homework: due Thursday, December 5, 2007

Textbook: In chapter 8.2 and 8.3, read pages 176-181; do questions 1-7 on page 179.

Review Book: In chapter 3, read pages 67-72; do questions 38-45, 52-57, on pages 70-72.

Midterm Exam

2007-11-21T19:45:00.000-05:00

Midterm exam is scheduled for Thursday, November 29, 2007. The test will include all material covered since the beginning of the semester. We will have a short review prior to the test day. Prepare yourself by reviewing all your notes and assigned homeworks. Review the following topics:

Determining Percent Deviation
Density
Scientific Notation
Determining the Diameter and Circumference of the Earth
Locating Positions on Earth (Latitude & Longitude).
Solar Time and Clock Time
Topographic Maps and Profiles (Contour maps)
Determining the Gradient of a Slope
Inferred Properties of the Earth's Interior
Continental Drift and Seafloor Spreading

Remember: You will need the following materials on test day:

Two #2 pencils,
A calculator and
Earth Science Reference Tables

No Excuses.

2007-11-18T12:24:00.000-05:00

The ocean lithosphere suffers extensive hydrothermal alteration at the ridge, but the rocks eventually finish up subducting back into the mantle:
It is because these fluids are released in the Benioff Zone as the slab is subducted that magmas are generated in the mantle wedge above the subduction zone. It is fluid, not friction, which is responsible for active margin magmatism. But it is ridge processes which make it all possible.

Week of November 19, 2007

2007-11-18T10:18:00.000-05:00

This week, we will begin discussing the topic of Continental Drift and Plate Tectonics. This topic includes the causes of earthquakes, volcanoes and mountain-building.

Homework: due Wednesday, November 21

Texbook: In Chapter 8, section 8.1, read pages 172-175. Do questions 1-5.

Have a wonderful THANKSGIVING DAY weekend.

En Español
Esta semana vamos empesar discutir la tema de Deriva Continental y de la teoría Tectónica de Placas.
Deriva continental es el movimiento de las placas tectónicas que provoca el desplazamiento de las masas continentales. La teoría de deriva continental fue originalmente propuesta por Alfred Wegener en 1912. Este la formuló basado en numerosas observaciones que indican que los continentes estaban unidos en eras geológicas pasadas. Estas evidencias incluyen la manera en que parecen encajar las formas de los continentes a cada lado del Océano Atlántico, como por ejemplo África y Sudamérica.

Week of November 11, 2007

2007-11-10T11:53:00.000-05:00

No classes are scheduled on Monday.

Tuesday: we will review the textbook homework on page 65 and last week's test.

Wednesday: we will begin discussing Earth's Dynamic Crust and What Causes Earthquakes.
Please check the homework assignment below.

Homework: Due Friday, November 16, 2007

Textbook: Chapter 10. Read pages 214-216. Do the 10.1 section review questions, 1, 2, 4, on page 216.
Review Book: Read pages 54-61. Do questions 1-16.

Quiz on Friday.

Week of November 5, 2007

2007-11-04T12:04:00.000-05:00

We will continue our work on analyzing topographic map features and concepts.

Homework:
Due Wednesday, November 7, 2007

Textbook: page 65 - Do questions 11-13, and 17-21.

Due Friday, November 9, 2007

Review Book: Pages 27-31 - Do the Chapter Review Questions, Part A, 1-5; Part B-1, 13-17; and Part C, 25-33.

Open-Book Quiz: Monday, November 5, 2007

Week of October 29, 2007

2007-10-28T14:12:00.000-04:00

We will continue working on the analysis and interpretation of topographic (contour) maps. This analysis includes but is not limited to the following: locating positions on Earth, using map scales, determining distance, constructing topographic profiles, and determining the gradient (slope) of an area.

Please review the homework assignments for the week.

Quiz on Topographic Maps

2007-10-27T14:19:00.000-04:00

Open Book Quiz (Review Book): Monday, November 6, 2007. You will need your review book, pencils ( # 2) calculator, and reference tables.